Leadership of Army Air Force
Commanding General Army Air Force - Gen. Henry "Hap" Arnold
Army General Staff - Gen. Joseph McNarney
Air Force Commands:
Flying Training CommandU.S. Air Forces: divided into fourteen air forces with four in the U.S. and ten overseas. Each air force included:
Technical Transport Command
Air Transport Command
Material Command - development of aircraft
Air Service Command - distribute aircraft and equipment, operate depots
Proving Ground Command - testing aircraft
Anti-Submarine Command
Flight Control Command
Bomber command
Fighter command
Base Service command
Air Support command
Subdivisions of an Air Force:
Air Division: commanded by a general; two or more wings
Wing: commanded by colonel, two or more groups
Group: commanded by lieutenant colonel, operational unit, two or more squadrons
Squadron: commanded by a captain, tactical unit; two or more flights
Flight: commanded by a lieutenant; two or more planes
Fifth Air Force: fought under MacArthur; New Guinea, Battle of the Bismarck Sea, Philippines
Seventh Air Force: fought in central Pacific; Solomon Islands, Gilbert Islands, Marshalls, Marianas, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
Eight Air Force: set up in England for bombing of Germany
Ninth Air Force: Middle East, North Africa, Sicily, transferred to England, tactical complement to Eight Air Force; supported Third Army across France, Battle of the Bulge.
Tenth Air Force: based in India to fly supplies to China, bombed Japan forces in Burma
Twelfth Air Force: North Africa, Italy, southern France
Fourteenth Air Force: began as Flying Tigers under Gen. Claire Chennault, bombed Japanese forces in China
Twentieth Air Force: formed to use B-29s to bomb Japan, reported directly to Joint Chiefs of Staff, stationed in China and Marianas, bomb Japan with atomic bombs.
American WWII Orphans Network. The Star, No. 9, Spring 1996
Information regarding medals
Bartley, Scott & John Leppman. "Vermont Historical Gazetteer," New England Ancestors, Holiday, 2003.
Review of the Vermont Historical Gazetteer on cd-rom.
Carmack, Sharon. "Telling Time: Are Your Ready to Start Writing?" Family Tree Magazine, August 2003.
Two gauges of readiness:
1. Have you searched every possible record for the family including records that individual family members may have generated?
- birth, marriage, death
- cemetery and funeral home records
- church records
- city directories
- family histories / genealogies
- family sources
- immigration records
- land and tax records
- military service
- newspapers
- census - population and non-population
- probate
- court records
2. Have your turned your family group charts into "family summaries" to get the full picture? A family summary should include:
- all genealogical facts you've gathered through research
- your analysis of the records and research
- biographical data
- clearly identified speculations about why something happened
- Immigration plot
- Pioneer saga
- Rags to riches plot
- War and military survival
- City dweller to country dweller or vice versa
- why, how, what
- witnesses not just main players
- allied families
- cause of death
- elaborateness of tombstone
Earle, Alice. Home Life in Colonial Days, Berkshire House, nd
Fischer, David. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, Oxford University Press, nd
McCutcheon, Marc. Everday Life in the 1800s, Writer's Digest Books, nd
Mints, Steven & Susan Kellogg. Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life, Free Press, nd
Schlereth, Thomas. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915, HarperCollins, nd
Ulrich, Laurel. Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, Vintage Books, nd
Varhola, Micahel. Everyday Life During the Civil War, Writer's Digest Books, nd
Dancyger, Irene. York, no imprint, nd
Article about York, England.
Eastman Kodak Company. Storage and Care of KODAK Color Materials, 1982.
English Overseas Expansion - Important Dates
1489 - Bartolomeu Dias to Cape of Good Hope
1492 - first voyage of Columbus to the New World
1497 - Vasco DaGama to India
1497 - John Cabot to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
1519 - Magellan circumnavigates the world
1521 - Spanish conquest of Mexico City
1535 - Spanish conquest of Peru
1551 - severe economic depression in England
1558 - Elizabeth I, queen of England
1562 - first voyage to West Indies of John Hawkins
1577 - Francis Drake circumnavigates the world
1578 - Humphrey Gilbert's colonization attempt
1583 - Gilbert's second colonization attempt
1585 - Walter Raleigh's first Roanoke colony
1587 - Raleigh's second Roanoke colony
1588 - England defeats the Spanish Armada
1600 - Charter of the East India Company
1604 - Peace treaty between England and Spain
1606 - Formation of Virginia Company of London and Plymouth
1607 - Establishment of Jamestown
Family relationship chart
Fryxell, David. "A+ Simply the Best," Family Tree Magazine, August 2003.
Access Genealogy - www.accessgenealogy.com
Advanced book Exchange - www.abebooks.com
Allen County Public Library - www.acpl.lib.in.us/genealogy
American Factfinder - factfinder.census.gov
American Plantations & Colonies - www.primenet.com/langford
Ancestor Super Search / England - www.ancestorsupersearch.com
Ancient Faces - www.ancientfaces.com
Bablefish - translating website - babelfish.altavista.com
Bartleby.com - old books - www.bartleby.com
Bible Records Online - www.biblerecords.com
Books We Own - www.rootsweb.com/~bwo
Bureau of Land Management General Land Office Records - www.glorecords.blm.gov
Canadian Genealogy & History - www.islandnet.com/~jveinot/cghl/cghl.html
Canadian Genealogy Centre - www.genealogy.gc.ca
Canada GenWeb - www.rootsweb.com/~canwgw
Census Online - www.census-online.com
Center for Life Stories Preservation - www.storypreservation.com/home.html
Civil War Rosters by State - www.geocities.com/Area51/Lair/3680/cw/cw.html
Civil War Soldiers & Sailors System - www.itd.nps.gov/cwss
CousinConnect - www.cousinconnect.com
Cyndi's List - www.cyndislist.com
Dead Fred - deadfred.com
eHistory - www.ehistory.com - books, maps, images
Family Reunion - www.family-reunion.com
Family Search - www.familysearch.org
Find a Grave - findagrave.com
Free Translation
GenCircles - www.gencircles.com
Genealogy Helplist - helplist.org
Genealogy Resources on the Internet - www.rootsweb.com/~jfuller/internet.html
Genealogy Today - genealogytoday.com
Gendex - www.gendex.com
Genuki / United Kingdom - www.genuki.org.uk
German Roots - home.att.net/~wee-montster
Hamburg Link to Your Roots - www.hamburg.de/LinkToYourRoots/english/start.htm
Heirlooms Lost - www.heirloomslost.com
Heraldry on the Internet - www.digiserv.com/heraldry
History Seek! - www.historyseek.com
Illinois State Archives - www.ilsos.net/departments/archives/databases.html
Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild - istg.rootsweb.com
Index of Native American Resources on the Internet - www.hanksville.org/Naresources
Interment.net - www.interment.net
Lexicool.com - free translation - www.lexicool.com
LibDex - www.libdex.com - library locator
Library of Congress - www.loc.gov
Library of Virginia - www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/gene
Making of America part 1 - moa.umdl.umich.edu - digitized books
Making of America part 2 - moa.cit.cornell.edu - digitized books
Maryland State Archives - www.mdarchives.state.md.us
National Archives & Records Administration - www.archives.gov
Newspaper Abstracts - www.newspaperabstracts.com
Obituary Central - www.obitcentral.com
Ohio Historical Society - www.ohiohistory.org/ar_tools.html
Olden Times - theoldentimes.com
Past Connect - www.pastconnect.com
Pennsylvania State Archives- www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us
Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection - www.lib.utexas.edu/maps
RootsWeb - www.rootsweb.com
Scottish Archive Network - www.scan.org.uk
TheShipsList - www.theshipslist.com
US Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System - mapping.usgs.gov/www.gnis
USGenWeb - www.usgenweb.com
Where to Write for Vital Records - www.ced.gov/nchs/howto/w2w/w2welcom.htm
WorldGenWeb - www.worldgenweb.org
Worldwide Directory of Cities and towns - www.calle.com/world
Fryxell, David. "Picturing the Past," Family Tree Magazine, October, 2003.
Online databases of historical photographs:
American memory - memory.loc.gov
Canadian Heritage Gallery - www.canadianheritage.org/index2.htm
Cities/Buildings Database - www.washington.edu/ark2
Delaware Public Archives - www.state.de.us/sos/dpa/exhibits
eHistory - www.ehistory.com
Images Canada - imagescanada.ca
Images of New Jersey - www.quickpix.com/cgiwin/iicgi.exe/jpgmlibrary
Library of Virginia - www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/photo
Maryland State Archives - speccol.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/catalog/cfm/dsp_photos.cfm
Nebraska State Historical Society - www.nebraskahistory.org/libarch/research/photos
NARA - www.archives.gov/research_room/arc
Ohiopix - www.ohiohistory.org/etcetera/exhibits/ohiopix
Old Postcards - www.old-postcards.com
Smithsonian Institution - photo2.si.edu
TheShipsList - www.theshipslist.com
United States Army Military History Institute - carlisle-www.army.mil/usamhi/photodb.html
Genealogy Workbook
Evaluating Information & Sources
1. What do we know?Classes of Evidence
2. Is the information correct?
3. How do we weigh the validity of the source? - see below
4. What do we need to verify? Make a note of these items, create a plan to verify them.
5. Do we have discrepancies? Make a note of these items, create a plan to reconcile them.
6. What information is lacking? Make a list, create a plan to find it.
7. What kind of places might we find the records we need?
8. How can we locate these sources of information?
A. Primary Evidence - directly from a record when the record itself is the cause or result of the action or fact to be proved. Examples: vital records such as a birth certificate, a death certificate or marriage license.
B. Collateral Evidence - when the evidence is collateral to the purpose of the record, but nevertheless an integral part of it. Examples: will record where the writer refers to his daughter "Mrs. John Jones;" a deed where husband and wife are buying or selling land; estate division to children and grandchildren.
C. Secondary Evidence - statements made by persons of facts they know of their own knowledg, stating how they happen to know. Examples: depositions under oath, letters relating contemporary events, reminiscences of personal experiences.
D. Circumstantial Evidence - created when two or more facts are so related that if one (which can be proved) is true, the other is necessarily true. Examples: there are several children in a family who are joined by several half-siblings when their father remarries after his first wife's death. Years later there is a court procedure to quiet the title of a place of land formerly owned by the first wife's father. Several of the siblings are named in the suit, others are not. Those named are full brothers and sisters, children of the first wife. Those not would be children of the second wife.Hearsay is not evidence! Family traditions fall into this category. Use stories passed down, the tales you are told as sources of clues for further research for actual facts.
Comparison of the 1870 and 1880 census a wife's name changes; several of the younger children have parents born in a different states than the older children. This may indicate a second wife and stepchildren of the head of household.
E. Reported Evidence - information collected by someone from others who have knowledge of facts. Example: county histories, biographies, etc. These are more valuable when secured from those who participated in the events given, or otherwise knew of them and if they were secured for other than genealogical purposes.
Gormley, Myra. "Using Land and Deed Records to Solve Your Pedigree Problems," Pastime, No. 3, Spring, nd.
Examine all deeds, grantee and grantor for your surname
Look for collateral lines and relationships
Look for women
Deed books can include power of attorney, deeds of gift, deeds of trust, quitclaim and estate land divisions
Men could buy land before age 21, but couldn't sell in their own name until 21
Single women could buy and sell land, married women couldn't
Abstracting:
Seller(s)
Buyer(s)
Description of land
Number of acres
Date purchased
Date sold
Consult a modern map, be aware of county boundary changes
Hendrickson, Nancy. "High Society," Family Tree Magazine, October 2003.
Ancient & Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts - www.ahacsite.org
Board of Certification of Genealogists - www.bcgcertification.org
Colonial Dames - www.nscda.org
Colonial Dames of 17th Century - www.colonialdames17c.net
DAR - www.dar.org
Daughters of American Colonists - www.nsdac.org
Daughters of 1812 - www.usdaughters1812.org
Daughtes of Union Veterans of the Civil War - www.duvcw.org
First Families of Ohio - www.ogs.org
General Society of the War of 1812 - www.societyofthewar1812.org
Jamestowne Society - www.jamestowne.org
National Society Magna Charta Dames & Barons - www.magnacharta.org
Order of the Crown of Charlemagne - www.charlemagne.org
SAR - www.sar.org
Society of the War of 1812 - www.societyofthewarof1812.org
Society of Indiana Pioneers - www.indianapioneers.com
Society of Mayflower Descendants - www.mayflower.org
Society of the Ark & the Dove - www.thearkandthedove.com
Sons of Confederate Veterans - www.scv.org
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War - suvcw.org
Hull, Lise. "Discovery Your Ancestors' Native Ground with our Step-by-Step Guide to Tracing Your Welsh Roots, Family Tree Magazine, February 2004.
Isenring, Diana & Mitt Jones. Exploring Your Roots with PC-Based Genealogy Software Programs, PC Magazine, July 1988.
Review of Family Reunion, Family Roots, Roots II
Jones, Mary-Ellen. Photographing Tombstones: Equipment & Techniques, AASLH Technical Leaflet #92, 1997.
Lathrop, Suellyn. ISGS Conference Notes, April 1991.
Includes 1860 US railroad map, Railroad and Canal Mileage chart, list of inventions, freight shipment times 1817-1860, average freight rates, canals and the Cumberland Road map, 1785-1850
Illinois Early History Timeline
Ninian Edwards territorial governor, 1809-1818
Shadrach Bond first governor, 1818-1822, capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, state bank created
1820 - population 55,211Edward Coles, second governor, 1822-1826, attempt to make Illinois a slave state defeated
1825 - Lafayette visits Illinois, party in KaskaskiaNinian Edwards, third governor, 1826-1830, salt reservation 400,000 acres sold, half the proceeds funds first penitentiary at Alton, half to build roads and clear rivers for navigation
1825 - first attempt to establish free schools
1827 - Shurtleff College founded in AltonJoseph Duncan, fifth governor, 1834-1838, first Illinois-Michigan Canal Commission appointed
1828 - McKendree College founded in Lebanon
1829 - Illinois College founded in Jacksonville
John Reynolds, fourth governor, 1830-1834
1830 - population 157,445, half located in Southern Illinois
1830-31 - winter of Deep Snow, wildlife suffered, buffalo went west
1832 - Black Hawk War
1834 - Reynolds resigns 15 days before end of term to take seat in Congress. Lt. Governor William Ewing finished the term.
1837 - Springfield chosen as capitalThomas Carlin, sixth governor, 1838-1842, Illinois state library created
1838 - first steam locomotive in state Meredosia to JacksonvilleThomas Ford, seventh governor, 1842-1846, Joseph Smith, leader of Mormons killed
1839 - capitol in Springfield first used
1840 - population 476,183
Augustus French, eighth governor, 1846-1853
1848 - Mexican War, Illinois sends five regiments
1848 - second state constitution ratified, creates townships
1848 - first telegram received in Chicago
1850 - population 851,470 influx of German and Irish immigrants
1851 - Illinois Central Railroad construction begins
Joel Matteson, ninth governor, 1853-1857, free public school system established, underground railroad helping runaway slaves1857 - Illinois State University founded in Normal - Go Redbirds!
Lathrop, Suellyn. Palatinate Conference Notes, 1986.
Includes German word list, list of 19th century states
McClure, Rhonda. "Creating Your Own Forms for Free," New England Ancestors, Spring 2008.
OpenOffice suite - www.openoffice.org is a free alternative to MicroSoft's Office Suite
Has Draw component - can be used to create genealogy charts
CensusTools - www.censustools.com - free census forms
Map: Early Roads and Settlements in Kentucky
Montague-Smith, Patrick, ed. Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage, New York, NY: Viking Press, nd
Remainders to Baronetcies - the destination of a baronetcy is in accordance with the limitations mentioned in the patent of creation.
Knights - a medieval institution of chivalry of both a religious and military character. Knighthood was introduced to England at least as early as the reign of Alfred the great, who made his grandson, Athelstan, a knight, and gave him a scarlet mantle set with precious stones and a sword with a golden scabbard. With the arrival of the Normans, knights formed an integral part of the feudal system.
Esquires - a personal attendant on a knight, which evolved into an apprentice knight, and later into a lord of a manor.
Mutersbaugh, Bert. "What the Well-Dressed Traveller Brought to Kentucky in 1788," The Bulletin of the Kentucky Historical Society, nd.
Thomas Ridout (1754-1829) listed his possessions taken by Indians:
27 shirts
28 stocks
26 pocket handkerchiefs
1 parir lace ruffles and bosom ruffles
6 pairs thread stockings
2 pairs black silk ditto
23 pairs white silk ditto
1 pair mild yarn ditto
4 pairs nankeen breeches
3 pairs cotton ditto
a superfine cloth coat
3 linen and cotton night-caps
3 serre-tetes
2 linen dressing cloths
1 linen dressing apron
4 pairs black silk breeches
1 pair black everlasting ditto
1 white silk robe de chambre and waistcoat
5 silk waistcoats, embroidered
1 black satin ditto, plain
1 black silk ditto
1 dark purple silk coat
1 suit black silk coat, waistcoat and breeches
1 suit dove colored, ditto
1 suit light brown, ditto
1 blue cloak, superfine broad cloth
1 dark green coat, ditto
1 lead-colored ditto, ditto
1 Prussian blue ditto, ditto
3 pairs shoes and 1 pair boots
2 pairs silver shoe buckles
1 pair silver knee ditto
2 pairs steel ditto
1 yellow metal stock ditto
1 gold repeating watch, double cased, and gold chain, key, etc. with arms, maker, Berthoud, Paris
1 gold-headed walking cane
1 ivory German flute
1 ebony German flute with three middle pieces and divers music books
2 pictures, engraved by Ryland and painted by F.A. Kaufman
hair powder bag
portable writing desk, English
ditto, French
3 large trunks
1 small ditto
1 portmanteau containing my papers, clothes, books
Bath coating-coat
couteau de chasse
Perpetual Calendar
Prescott, Laura. "The Ladies in Your Lineage," Ancestry, Nov./Dec. 2004.
Use of naming patterns, community relations, land deeds, census records, guardianships, passenger lists
Sharbrough, Beau. "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Genealogists," Ancestry, Nov./Dec. 2004.
1. Be proactive - what can I do to solve x and proceed to do that.
2. Begin with the end in mind
3. Put first things first - prioritize your to do list
4. Think win-win - share information with others
5. Seek first to understand, then to be understood - communication is important
6. Synergize - be creative in your communication with others
7. Sharpen the saw - attend a conference, read a how-to book
The Cemetery Connection: Not Just a Ride in the Country!
Marriage, Birth and Death Certificates - check for spellings for names and places of burial.
Deed and Grants - places of residence, most people prior to 1950 were buried within five miles of their residence.
County Maps - locations of cemeteries
Church records and obituaries - locations of burials
Funeral directors - may provide burial information
Cemetery plats - when they exist will pinpoint burial location within the cemetery.
Record tombstone data - in writing, take a photo
The US Army Division in World War II
Division - basic combat unit consisting of approximately 16,000 men, with a core of approximately 5,000 riflemen, although most of its firepower came from artillery, which was its most effective weapon.
Division Headquarters:
Commanded by a General
Division Staff:
G-1 Personnel
G-2 Intelligence
G-3 Operations
G-4 Supply
Headquarters Co.: clerks, cooks, supply, etc.
Division Artillery: 155 mm guns, 105 mm guns
Medical Service
Motor pool
Engineers
Chemical
Quartermaster
Signal company
Reconnaissance company
sometimes there was a division battle patrol
Attached Tank Battalion: Sherman tanks w/ 75 mm guns
Attached Tank Destroyers: tank destroyers w/ 105 mm guns
Attached Anti-Aircraft Flakwagons
Regiment (3 regiments per division):
Commanded by a colonel
Headquarters Co.: staff, clerks, supply, communications
12 Rifle and Weapons Companies (see battalion)
Cannon Co.: 105 mm guns, .50 calibre mgs
Anti-Tank Co.: 57 mm anti-tank guns
Medical: aid station
Service Company
Battalion (3 battalions per regiment):
Commanded by a Lt. COlonel
1st Battalion: Companies A-C, rifle companies
1st Battalion: Company D, heavy weapons
2nd Battalion: Companies E-G, rifle companies
2nd Battalion: Company H, heavy weapons
3rd Battalion: Companies I, K, L, rifle companies
3rd Battalion: Company M, heavy weapons
Headquarters Co.
3 57 mm anti-tank guns
Machine-guns: .50 calibre, .30 calibre
Bazookas
Rifle Company, Platoons
Commanded by a Captain, Executive Officer, First Sergeant
Headquarters Personnel: company runner, cooks, mail clerk
Three Rifle Platoons: riflemen
One Weapons Platoon: .30 calibre, mgs, 60 mm mortars, bazookas
Each platoon commanded by a lieutenant, platoon sergeant
Platoons form squads of 12 men commanded by a sergeant
Heavy Weapons Company, Platoons
Command and structure similar to rifle company
Used to support rifle companies
.50 cal. mgs, heavy mortars, bazookas
Armored Division: developed on the model of German Panzers emphasizing rapid mobility using tanks, armored personnel carriers (half tracks), and mobile artillery. It was found that they needed more infantry support than originally thought. Armored Divisions were often split up into Combat Command A and Combat Command B and attached to Infantry Divisions.
Airborne Division: landed behind enemy lines using parachutes or gliders. On occasion they jumped with considerable effectiveness, but more often they fought as infantry.
Specialized Services: designed to be lean and mobile, provided special needs from reserves kept at Corps or Army levels. Some of these were assigned to a division on a semi-permanent basis. Among these special services were:
Armored Combat Commands from Armored Divisions
Tanks, Tank Destroyers
Anti-Aircraft Units
Transport Maintenance Groups
Bridge-Building Units
Specialized Communication Units
Tactical Air support provided by the Air Force
Riley, Brendan. "And Now, A Genealogy Web Site to Find Villains in Family Tree," The Daily Reflector, July 20, 1988.
International Black Sheep Society of Genealogists - homepages.rootsweb.com/~blk-sheep/index.html
Ritzenthaler, Mary. "Preserving Family Papers," Prologue, Summer, 1990.
Roberts, Gary. Genealogical Thoughts #17: The South, Part 2: Virginia Sources, The Carolinas and Georgia, NEGHS, website, 2000.
Adventurers of Purse and Person - Jamestown residents
Avant, David. Colonial Southern Families
Bockstruck, Lloyd. Virginia Colonial Soldiers
Boddie, J.B. Southern Historical Families
Boddie, J.B. Virginia Historical Genealogies of Southside Virginia Families
Cavaliers & Pioneers
Clark, M.J. Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War
Colonial Records, Journals of North Carolina Genealogy
Colonial Records of the State of Georgia
Crozier. Virginia Heraldica
DAR Patriot Index
Draughton & Johnson. North Carolina Genealogical reference
duBellet. Some Prominent Virginia Families
Foley. James River Families
Genealogies of Barbados Families
Georgia Genealogical Magazine
Hardy. Colonial Families of the Southern States of America
Hayden. Virginia Genealogies
Holcomb, Brent. Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Holcomb, Brent. South Carolina Marriages
Leary & Stirewalt. North Carolina Research
Maryland and Virginia Colonials
North Carolina Genealogical Journal
South Carolina Historical (and Genealogical) Magazine
South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral research
The Virginia Genealogist
The William & Mary College Quarterly
Tidewater Virginia Families
Torrence, Clayton. winston and Allied Families
Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina
Tyler's Quarterly
Valentine, E.P. papers
Virginia Magazine of History & Biography
Roberts, Gary. Genealogical Thoughts #19: First Observations on Reviewing Ancestral Charts for Patrons, NEGHS, website, 2000.
Tibbits, Edie. Email: FW: Genealogy to Suellyn Lathrop, 10/23/1998
http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/library/teams/sst/genlog.htm
http://leo.vsia.edu/archivesdb.html
http://lcweb.loc.gov/coll/nucmc
Van Resandt, Wijnaendts. Searching for Your Ancestors in the Netherlands, The Hague, Netherlands: Central Bureau Voor Genealogie, 1972.
- Map of the Netherlands
- List of archives
- Central Bureau for Genealogy
1482-1506 - Philip the Beautiful, king of Spain, sovereign of the Netherlands
1492 - Columbus discovers the New World
1498 - Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to the East Indies
1506-1515 - Maximilian of Austria, regent of the Netherlands
1515-1555 - Charles V, king of Spain, sovereign of the Netherlands
1515 - Charles V purchases Friesland
1517 - Martin Luther posts his theses at Wittenberg
1519 - Charles V becomes emperor of the German Reich
1522 - Inquisition in the Netherlands
1531-1555 - Mary of Hungary governess of the Netherlands
1533 - William of Nassau born at Dillenburg
1548 - The Netherlands united in the Burgund Kreits
1555-1598 - Philip II king of Spain sovereign of the Netherlands
1559-1567 - Margaret of Parma governess of the Netherlands
1566 - Insurrection of the Dutch against Spanish rule and inquisition begins
1567-1573 - Duke of Alba governor of the Netherlands; inquisition heats up; protestants condemned and leave the country
1568-1648 - 80 years war between the Netherlands and Spain
1572-1584 - William I of Nassau-Orange stadtholder of the Netherlands
1573 - Catholic worship forbidden
1576 - Union of Holland and Zealand; pacification of Gent - unioin of all 17 provinces
1579 - Union of Atrecht of the southern provinces; Union of Utrecht of the northern provinces
1585-1625 - Maurice of Orange stadtholder
1588-1795 - The Republic of the United Netherlands
1602-1795 - The United East -Indian Company
1609-1621 - 12 Years Truce
1609 - Hudson discovers Nieuw Nederland
1610 - Pieter Both appointed first governor-general of Dutch East Indies
1621-1674 - 1st West-Indian Company
1625-1647 - Frederik Hendrik of Orange stadtholder
1626 - Manhattan bought from Indians
1634 - Curacao captured
1637-1644 - John Maurice of Nassau, governor of Brasil
1638 - Ceylon captured
1639 - St. Eustace captured
1641 - Malacca and St. Martin captured
1647-1650 - William II stadtholder
1652-1654 - First English war
1664 - Nieuw-Nederland captured by British
1665-1667 - Second English war
1667 - Surinam taken over from British in exchange for Nieuw Nederland
1672-1678 - war with France
1672-1674 - Third war with English
1672-1702 - William III, stadtholder
1675-1791 - 2nd West Indian Company
1677 - William III marries Mary Stuart
1685 - Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1688-1697 - 9 years war with France
1689 - Glorious Revolution in England, William & Mary become king and queen
1701-1713 - War of the Spanish succession
1713 - Peace of Utrecht
1740-1748 - War of the Austrian succession
1747-1751 - William IV, stadtholder
1751-1795 - William V, stadtholder
World War II Aircraft
World War II Weapons
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